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Monday, 19 May 2014
Tuesday, 4 February 2014
Mona Lisa Smile
Mona Lisa Smile
Hiding a smile in the shadows. I'm Bob Hirshon and this is Science Update.Leonardo da Vinci's famous painting has inspired romantic songs and art lovers the world over, who become captivated by the Mona Lisa's enigmatic smile.
The portrait also intrigued Margaret Livingstone, a neurobiologist at Harvard Medical School who studies the human visual system. When she looked at the painting a few years ago, Livingstone noticed the Mona Lisa's changing expression.
In 1953, Katherine Ann Watson (Julia Roberts), a 30-year-old graduate student in the department of Art History at UCLA, takes a position teaching "History of Art" at Wellesley College, a conservative women's private liberal arts college in Massachusetts because she wants to make a difference and influence the next generation of women. At her first class, Katherine discovers that the girls have already memorized the entire syllabus from the textbook so she instead uses the classes to introduce them to Modern Art and encourages spirited classroom discussions about topics such as what makes good art and what the Mona Lisa's smile means. This brings her into conflict with the conservative College President (Marian Seldes) who warns Katherine to stick to the syllabus if she wants to keep her job. Katherine comes to know many of the students in her class well and seeks to inspire them to seek more than marriage to eligible young men. Joan Brandwyn (Julia Stiles) dreamt of being a lawyer and enrolled as pre-law so Katherine encourages her to apply to Yale Law School, where she is accepted. Joan, however, elopes with her fiancé Tommy (Topher Grace), and is very happy. She decides that what she wants most is to be a wife and mother after graduation and asks Katherine to respect her choice.
Betty Warren (Kirsten Dunst) is highly conservative like her mother, the head of the Alumnae Association. Betty doesn't understand why Katherine is not married and is strident in insisting that there is a universal standard for good art. She writes two editorials for the college paper, one which exposes the nurse, Amanda Armstrong (Juliet Stevenson), for giving out contraception, which results in the nurse being fired, and one attacking Katherine for advocating that women should seek a career instead of just being wives and mothers as intended. Betty can't wait to marry Spencer (Jordan Bridges) as their parents have arranged and expects to get the traditional exemptions from attending class because she is married, but Katherine insists she will be marked on merit.
Connie Baker (Ginnifer Goodwin) is dating Betty's cousin, Charlie (Ebon Moss-Bachrach). Betty persuades her that he is only using her since it has been arranged by his parents for him to marry Deb, a girl more of his social standing. So, Connie ends the relationship. However, Charlie has already decided for himself that he is not going to marry Deb, so he and Connie get back together.
Giselle Levy (Maggie Gyllenhaal) has liberal views, and she supports Katherine because she sees her as having chosen what she wants in her life and because she herself has often felt out of place at the school being Jewish among the mostly WASP student body. Giselle brazenly has affairs with a professor and a married man.
Katherine confides to the girls that she was engaged when she was younger, but that she and her fiancé were separated by the war. The relationship fizzled out, and she has since had several affairs. Katherine declines a proposal from her boyfriend (John Slattery) from California because she doesn't love him enough. She begins seeing the Wellesley Italian professor, Bill Dunbar (Dominic West), who is charming and full of stories about Europe and his heroic actions in Italy during the war. He has also had affairs with many students (including Giselle), and Katherine makes him promise that it will never happen again. When Katherine learns that Bill spent the entire war at the Army Languages Center on Long Island, she decides to break up with him because he is not trustworthy. Dunbar responds that Katherine didn't come to Wellesley to help the students find their way, but to help them find her way.
Betty's marriage fails miserably, as Spencer has an affair, hiding it from his wife by pretending to be away on business. Giselle catches him having an affair and tells her about it. Betty's mother, Mrs. Warren, tries to pressure Betty into remaining married to Spencer, at least for a while to avoid causing a scandal. She refuses and asks her mother if the Mona Lisa's smile means she is happy. At graduation, Betty asks Katherine about an apartment, but Mrs. Warren interrupts her and asks her why. Betty tells her mother off that she divorced Spencer after learning how disloyal he was to her and wants to have her own future. She adds that she is going to share a flat in Greenwich Village with Giselle, and that she is considering applying to Yale Law School to which Katherine jokingly replies: "Well, I wouldn't want to come up against you in any court anywhere."
Katherine's course is highly popular, so the college invites her to return. But Mrs. Warren and the president impose conditions on Katherine: she must follow the syllabus, submit lesson plans for approval, keep a strictly professional relationship among all faculty members, and not talk to the girls about anything other than classes. Katherine decides to leave, exploring Europe. In the ending scene, Betty dedicates her last editorial to her teacher Katherine Watson, claiming that Katherine is "an extraordinary woman who lived by example and compelled us all to see the world through new eyes." As Katherine's taxi speeds up, all her students follow on their bicycles and Betty is seen increasingly struggling to keep up with the taxi as a last effort to thank Katherine for changing her life.
+Google Management team
Management team
Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in September 1998. Since then, the company has grown to more than 30,000 employees worldwide, with a management team that represents some of the most experienced technology professionals in the industry.
Board of Directors
Larry Page, CEO
Sergey Brin, Co-Founder
Eric E. Schmidt, Executive Chairman
L. John Doerr ,Diane B. Greene , John L. Hennessy , Ann Mather , Paul S. Otellini,
K. Ram Shriram , Shirley M. Tilghman
Executive Officers
Larry Page CEO and Co-Founder
As Google’s chief executive officer, Larry is responsible for Google’s day-to-day-operations, as well as leading the company’s product development and technology strategy. He co-founded Google with Sergey Brin in 1998 while pursuing a Ph.D. at Stanford University, and was the first CEO until 2001—growing the company to more than 200 employees and profitability. From 2001 to 2011, Larry was president of products.
Larry holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and a master’s degree in computer science from Stanford University. He is a member of the National Advisory Committee (NAC) of the University of Michigan College of Engineering, and together with co-founder Sergey Brin, Larry was honored with the Marconi Prize in 2004. He is a trustee on the board of the X PRIZE, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2004.
Eric E. Schmidt Executive Chairman
Since joining Google in 2001, Eric Schmidt has helped grow the company from a Silicon Valley startup to a global leader in technology. As executive chairman, he is responsible for the external matters of Google: building partnerships and broader business relationships, government outreach and technology thought leadership, as well as advising the CEO and senior leadership on business and policy issues.
From 2001-2011, Eric served as Google’s chief executive officer, overseeing the company’s technical and business strategy alongside founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Under his leadership, Google dramatically scaled its infrastructure and diversified its product offerings while maintaining a strong culture of innovation.
Prior to joining Google, Eric was the chairman and CEO of Novell and chief technology officer at Sun Microsystems, Inc. Previously, he served on the research staff at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), Bell Laboratories and Zilog. He holds a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Princeton University as well as a master’s degree and Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley.
Eric is a member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and the Prime Minister’s Advisory Council in the U.K. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006 and inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as a fellow in 2007. He also chairs the board of the New America Foundation, and since 2008 has been a trustee of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey.
Sergey Brin Co-Founder
Sergey Brin co-founded Google Inc. in 1998. Today, he directs special projects. From 2001 to 2011, Sergey served as president of technology, where he shared responsibility for the company’s day-to-day operations with Larry Page and Eric Schmidt.
Sergey received a bachelor’s degree with honors in mathematics and computer science from the University of Maryland at College Park. He is currently on leave from the Ph.D. program in computer science at Stanford University, where he received his master’s degree. Sergey is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a recipient of a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship.
He has published more than a dozen academic papers, including Extracting Patterns and Relations from the World Wide Web; Dynamic Data Mining: A New Architecture for Data with High Dimensionality, which he published with Larry Page; Scalable Techniques for Mining Casual Structures; Dynamic Itemset Counting and Implication Rules for Market Basket Data; andBeyond Market Baskets: Generalizing Association Rules to Correlations.
Nikesh Arora Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer
Nikesh oversees all revenue and customer operations, as well as marketing and partnerships. Since joining Google in 2004, he has held several positions with the company. Most recently, he led Google’s global direct sales operations. He also developed and managed the company’s operations in the European, Middle Eastern and African markets and was responsible for creating and expanding strategic partnerships in those regions for the benefit of Google’s growing number of users and advertisers.
Prior to joining Google, he was chief marketing officer and a member of the management board at T-Mobile Europe. While there, he spearheaded all product development, terminals, brand and marketing activities of T-Mobile Europe. In 1999, he started working with Deutsche Telekom and founded T-Motion PLC, a mobile multimedia subsidiary of T-Mobile International. Prior to joining Deutsche Telekom, Nikesh held management positions at Putnam Investments and Fidelity Investments in Boston.
Nikesh holds a master’s degree from Boston College and an MBA from Northeastern University, both of which were awarded with distinction. He also holds the CFA designation. In 1989, Nikesh graduated from the Institute of Technology in Varanasi, India with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering.
David C. Drummond Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer
David Drummond joined Google in 2002, initially as vice president of corporate development. Today as senior vice president and chief legal officer, he leads Google’s global teams for legal, government relations, corporate development (M&A and investment projects) and new business development (strategic partnerships and licensing opportunities).
David was first introduced to Google in 1998 as a partner in the corporate transactions group at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati, one of the nation’s leading law firms representing technology businesses. He served as Google’s first outside counsel and worked with Larry Page and Sergey Brin to incorporate the company and secure its initial rounds of financing. During his tenure at Wilson Sonsini, David worked with a wide variety of technology companies to help them manage complex transactions such as mergers, acquisitions and initial public offerings.
David earned his bachelor’s degree in history from Santa Clara University and his JD from Stanford Law School.
Patrick Pichette Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Patrick Pichette is Google’s chief financial officer. He has nearly 20 years of experience in financial operations and management in the telecommunications sector, including seven years at Bell Canada, which he joined in 2001 as executive vice president of planning and performance management. During his time at Bell Canada, he held various executive positions, including CFO from 2002 until the end of 2003, and was instrumental in the management of the most extensive communications network in Canada and its ongoing migration to a new national IP-based infrastructure. Prior to joining Bell Canada, Patrick was a partner at McKinsey & Company, where he was a lead member of McKinsey’s North American Telecom Practice. He also served as vice president and chief financial officer of Call-Net Enterprises Inc., a Canadian telecommunications company.
Patrick is a board member of Trudeau Foundation and serves as an advisor to Engineers Without Borders, Canada. Patrick earned a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Université du Québec à Montréal. He holds a master’s degree in philosophy, politics and economics from Oxford University, where he attended as a Rhodes Scholar.
Senior Leadership
Alan Eustace
Senior Vice President, Knowledge
Salar Kamangar
Senior Vice President, YouTube & Video
Sridhar Ramaswamy
Senior Vice President, Ads & Commerce
Sundar Pichai
Senior Vice President, Android, Chrome & Apps
Susan Wojcicki
Senior Vice President, Ads & Commerce
Urs Hölzle
Senior Vice President, Technical Infrastructure, and Google Fellow
Vic Gundotra
Senior Vice President, Social
For more detail. please visit at this link. http://www.google.com.pk/about/company/facts/management/#section-board
For more detail. please visit at this link. http://www.google.com.pk/about/company/facts/management/#section-board
Google’s mission
Google Company
Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful.
Our company has packed a lot into a relatively young life. Since Google was founded in 1998, we’ve grown to serve hundreds of thousands of users and customers around the world.
When Larry met Sergey
Monday, 3 February 2014
Google History in depth
Google History in depth
In Google words .
Get the details, year by year, on Google's growth as a company over more than a decade.
1995-1997 · 1998 · 1999 · 2000 · 2001 · 2002 · 2003 · 2004 · 2005 · 2006 · 2007 · 2008 · 2009 · 2010 · 2011 ·2012 · 2013
1995-1997
1995
- Larry Page and Sergey Brin meet at Stanford. Larry, 22, a U Michigan grad, is considering the school; Sergey, 21, is assigned to show him around.
1996
- Larry and Sergey begin collaborating on a search engine called BackRub. BackRub operates on Stanford servers for more than a year—eventually taking up too much bandwidth.
1997
- Google.com is registered as a domain on September 15. The name—a play on the word "googol," a mathematical term for the number represented by the numeral 1 followed by 100 zeros—reflects Larry and Sergey's mission to organize a seemingly infinite amount of information on the web.
1998
April
- Larry launches a monthly "Google Friends Newsletter" to inform fans about company news. (We've since shut down Google Friends Newsletter in favor of blogs, Google+ and other methods of sharing news.)
August
- Sun co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim writes a check for $100,000 to an entity that doesn't exist yet—a company called Google Inc.
- Before heading to the Burning Man festival in the Nevada desert, Larry and Sergey incorporate the iconic Man into the logoto keep people informed about where the Google crew would be for a few days—our first doodle.
September
- On September 4, Google files for incorporation in California. Larry and Sergey open a bank account in the newly-established company's name and deposit Andy Bechtolsheim's check.
- Google sets up workspace in Susan Wojcicki's garage on Santa Margarita Ave., Menlo Park, Calif.
- Larry and Sergey hire their first employee. Craig Silverstein is a fellow CS grad student at Stanford who works at Google for 10+ years before joining education startup Khan Academy.
December
- "PC Magazine" reports that Google "has an uncanny knack for returning extremely relevant results" and recognizes us as the search engine of choice in the Top 100 Web Sites for 1998.
1999
February
- We outgrow our garage office and move to new digs at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto with just eight employees.
April
- Yoshka, our first "company" dog, comes to work with our senior vice president of operations, Urs Hölzle.
May
- Omid Kordestani joins to run sales—employee #11. Ten years later, Omid steps down from his active role in the company, becoming a senior advisor.
June
- Our first press release announces a $25 million round from Sequoia Capital and Kleiner Perkins; John Doerr and Michael Moritz join the board.
August
- We move to our first Mountain View location: 2400 Bayshore. Mountain View is a few miles south of Stanford University, and north of the older towns of Silicon Valley: Sunnyvale, Santa Clara, San Jose.
November
- We hire our first chef, Charlie Ayers (his previous claim to fame was catering for the Grateful Dead; he now owns a cafe in Palo Alto). Today Google's food programs focus on providing healthy, sustainably sourced food to fuel Googlers around the world.
2000
April
- We announce the MentalPlex: Google's ability to read your mind as you visualize the search results you want. Thus begins our annual foray in the Silicon Valley tradition of April 1 hoaxes.
May
- We win our first Webby Awards: Technical Achievement (voted by judges) and Peoples' Voice (voted by users).
- We run a series of doodles featuring a little alien—our first doodle series and the first doodle not associated with any particular event.
- The first 10 language versions of Google.com are released: French, German, Italian, Swedish, Finnish, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Norwegian and Danish. Today, search is available in 150+ languages.
July
- Our first international doodle celebrates Bastille Day in France.
September
- Google New York starts in a Starbucks on 86th Street with a one-person sales "team." Today, more than 2,000 Googlers work in our New York office, a former Port Authority building at 111 Eighth Avenue.
- We start offering search in Chinese, Japanese and Korean—bringing our total number of supported languages to 15.
October
- Google AdWords launches with 350 customers. The self-service ad program promises online activation with a credit card, keyword targeting and performance feedback.
- The first doodle by a guest artist, Lorie Loeb, goes live. Since then, many artists have lent their talents to the Google homepage, from Wayne Thiebaud to Christoph Niemann to Eric Carle.
December
- Google Toolbar is released—a browser plug-in that makes it possible to search without visiting the Google homepage.
2001
February
- In our first public acquisition, we acquire Deja.com's Usenet Discussion Service, an archive of 500 million Usenet discussions dating back to 1995. We add search and browse features and launch it as Google Groups.
March
- Eric Schmidt is named chairman of the board of directors.
April
- Swedish Chef becomes a language preference in search. We offer several "joke" languages, including Klingon.
July
- Google Images launches, initially offering access to 250 million images.
August
- We open our first international office, in Tokyo, Japan.
- Eric Schmidt becomes our CEO. Larry and Sergey are named presidents of products and technology, respectively.
December
- We release our first annual Google Zeitgeist, a visual look at what millions of people searched for over the year just ending. It's a revealing look at the year that was, from "Harry Potter" to "Osama Bin Laden." We continue to release Zeitgeist every year.
2002
February
- The first Google product for enterprises is released: the Google Search Appliance is a yellow box that businesses can plug into their computer network to enable search capabilities for their own documents.
- We release a major overhaul for AdWords, including new cost-per-click pricing.
April
- We release the first set of Google APIs, enabling developers to query more than 2 billion web documents and program in their favorite environment, including Java, Perl and Visual Studio.
May
- We release Google Labs, which let people try out beta technologies and was the proving ground for many Google features, such as Google Transit, Google Scholar and Google Trends. Nearly 10 years later, we wind down Google Labs in order to prioritize our product efforts.
September
- Google News launches with 4,000 news sources. Today Google News includes 50,000+ news sources, with 70 regional editions in different languages. All told, Google News and other services send publishers 6 billion clicks per month as of 2012.
October
- A few months after our first employee in Australia starts selling AdWords from her lounge room, we open our office inSydney—the second office after Japan in APAC. Our first local AdWords client is eBay Australia.
December
- With the launch of Froogle (which became Google Shopping in 2012), people can search for stuff to buy.
2003
February
- We acquire Pyra Labs, the creators of Blogger. Nearly as old as Google itself (Blogger started in 1999), today more than 300 million people visit Blogger every month.
March
- We announce Google AdSense, a new content-targeted advertising service that enables publishers large and small to access Google's vast network of advertisers. (The following month, we acquire Applied Semantics, whose technology bolsters the service named AdSense.)
April
- We launch Google Grants—the nonprofit edition of AdWords, which provides nonprofit organizations with $10,000 per month in in-kind AdWords advertising to promote their iniatives.
October
- Registration opens for programmers to compete for cash prizes and recognition at the first ever Code Jam. Today, Google Code Jam attracts tens of thousands of contestants each year, and the finals have traveled to Tokyo, Dublin, London and New York City.
December
- We launch Google Print (now known as Google Books), indexing small excerpts from books to appear in search results. In 2004, the program expands through digital scanning partnerships with libraries. To date, we've scanned more than 20 million books.
2004
January
- We launch Orkut, in its heyday the most important social network in several countries.
March
- We move to the new "Googleplex" at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View with 800+ employees.
- We introduce Google Local, offering relevant neighborhood business listings, maps, and directions. (Eventually, Local is combined with Google Maps.)
April
- We launch Gmail on April Fools' Day. At first invite-only, today it boasts more than 425 million users. Fun fact: our internal code name for Gmail was "Caribou," inspired by a Dilbert cartoon.
- The Official Google Blog goes live. Today, we offer a wide variety of ways—including Google+ pages and Twitter accounts—for people to get news from Google, in many different languages.
May
- We announce the first winners of the Google Anita Borg Scholarship, awarded to outstanding women studying computer science. Today these scholarships are open to students in Africa, Asia, Australia, Canada, Europe, India, Middle East, New Zealand, and the United States.
July
- We acquire Picasa, which helps people organize and display photos online.
August
- Our Initial Public Offering of 19,605,052 shares of Class A common stock takes place on Wall Street. Opening price: $85 per share.
September
- Our Hong Kong office is the first Google office to open in the Greater China region.
October
- We acquire Keyhole, a digital mapping company whose technology will later become Google Earth.
- We launch Google Scholar in beta. This free service helps people search scholarly literature such as peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports.
- Google SMS launches. This service enabled users to send text search queries to GOOGL or 466453 on mobile devices.
- We formally open our European headquarters in Dublin, Ireland, with 150 multilingual Googlers, a visit from Sergey and Larry, and recognition from the Deputy Prime Minister of Ireland, Mary Harney.
- We open our new offices in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India. Googlers in India have worked on products ranging from Map Maker to ads to Chrome.
December
- We establish Google.org, dedicated to the idea that technology can help make the world a better place.
2005
February
- Google Maps goes live. Just two months later, we add satellite views and directions to the product.
April
- Google Maps comes to mobile phones in the U.S., offering driving directions and local information to people on the go.
- Our first Google Maps release in Europe is geared to U.K. users. France, Germany, Italy and Spain follow in 2006. Today, we offer driving directions in 190+ countries around the world.
- The first video goes up on YouTube (not yet part of Google). Today, 100+ hours of video are uploaded every minute and people watch 6 billion hours of video per month!
May
- Personalized Homepage (later iGoogle and no longer available as of November 2013) was designed for people to customize their own Google homepage with content modules.
June
- Google Mobile Web Search is released, specially formulated for viewing search results on mobile phones.
- We unveil Google Earth, a satellite imagery-based mapping service that lets you take a virtual journey to any location in the world. Google Earth has since been downloaded more than 1 billion times.
- The Google Maps API is released; developers can embed Google Maps on many kinds of mapping services and sites. Today there are 1 million active websites and apps using the API, reaching 1 billion people every week.
August
- We launch Google Talk, a downloadable application that lets Gmail users to talk or instant message with friends quickly and easily; Chat comes to Gmail the following year. In 2013, we announce that Talk will be rolled into Hangouts, Google's new single communications system.
October
- Googlers volunteer to produce an author event with Malcolm Gladwell in Mountain View. Since then, the Talks at Googleprogram has hosted 1,500+ authors and other thought leaders in 18 offices.
November
- We release Google Analytics for measuring the impact of websites and marketing campaigns. Analytics is based on Urchin, a company we acquired in March 2005.
- We announce the opening of our offices in São Paulo and Mexico City—our first in Latin America.
- The first Doodle 4 Google contest takes place in the United Kingdom. Since then, we've run Doodle 4 Google contests in countries across six continents, with more than 1 million doodles submitted by students eager for the chance to see their artwork on the Google homepage.
December
- Google Transit launches in the Portland, Ore. metro area. Today, Transit has schedules for more than 1 million public transit stops worldwide.
- Gmail for mobile launches in the United States.
2006
March
- Google Finance launches—complete with interactive charts and related headlines from Google News—to help people to find financial information more easily.
April
- We launch Google Calendar to help you keep track of events, special occasions and appointments, and to share schedules with others.
- Google Translate launches, offering translations between Arabic and English. Today our machine translation service provides translations between 70+ different languages.
May
- We release Google Trends, a way to visualize the popularity of searches over time.
- Gmail launches in Arabic and Hebrew, bringing the number of interfaces up to 40.
June
- We announce Google Checkout, a fast and easy way to pay for online purchases which paved the way for broader payments with Google Wallet.
- Picasa Web Albums enables Picasa users to upload and share their photos online.
- The Oxford English Dictionary adds the word "Google" (as a verb).
August
- Google Apps for Your Domain is released. This suite of applications, including Gmail and Calendar, is the precursor toGoogle Apps Premier Edition, which launched later in the year and brings cloud computing to businesses. Today, more than 5 million businesses are using Google Apps.
October
- We launch Apps for Education; our first deployment is to Arizona State University. Today Apps for EDU has more than 25 million users, and is being used by 74 of the top 100 universities.
- We release web-based applications Docs & Spreadsheets (now called Docs and Sheets). Docs is a reworking of Writely (acquired in March).
- We announce our acquisition of YouTube.
2007
January
- "Fortune" announces its annual list of Best Companies to Work For and Google is #1 (we've been on top of the list three other years since). We're proud we've been able to create a company culture where employees are empowered to do cool things that matter.
February
- This year’s Valentine's Day doodle causes a stir. Many people think we left out the "l" and linked it to a 17th century poet named Googe; others think it's homage to a band called My Bloody Valentine (the bassist's last name is Googe).
- Many of the 2008 Presidential candidates—including then-Senator Barack Obama and Senator John McCain—visit the Googleplex throughout the campaign.
- We add traffic information to Google Maps for 30+ cities around the U.S. Today, live traffic data is available in 50+ countries, covering highways, streets and more in 600+ major cities.
March
- The first "gBikes" appear on campus, giving Googlers an efficient, convenient and healthy way to get to and from meetings. Today around 700 bikes are on campus at any given moment—just one sign of Google's cycling-friendly culture.
April
- This April Fools' Day is extra busy: not only do we introduce the Gmail Paper Archive and TiSP (Toilet Internet Service Provider)—we lose (and find) a real snake in our New York office!
- GOOG-411 enabled people to dial a phone number and speak a search for local information.
May
- Street View debuts in Google Maps in five U.S. cities: New York, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Miami, and Denver. Today, Street View is available in more than 50 countries.
- We kick off an effort to help protect people from malicious content on the Internet. Today, approximately 1 billion people useGoogle Safe Browsing, which extends not only to Google’s search results and ads, but also to popular web browsers such as Chrome, Firefox and Safari, on mobile and desktop.
- We expand the YouTube Partnership Program to include some of the most popular and prolific original content creators from the YouTube community. Today more than 1 million channels earn revenue from the program.
- We announce new strides taken towards universal search. Now video, news, books, image and local results are all integrated together in one search result.
June
- We install solar panels on our Mountain View campus—the largest corporate solar panel installation of its kind at the time. Today the solar panels power 30 percent of the buildings they sit on.
- We unveil a new green initiative aimed at accelerating the adoption of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. We later retire theRechargeIT initiative, though we continue to offer electric vehicles as part of our employee car sharing service.
September
- AdSense for Mobile is introduced, giving sites optimized for mobile browsers the ability to host the same ads as standard websites.
- We add a new application for making slide presentations to Google Docs.
November
- We announce Android—the first open platform for mobile devices—and a collaboration with other companies in the Open Handset Alliance.
- Renewable Energy Less Than Coal (RE<C) was an initiative designed to create electricity from renewable sources that are cheaper than coal. The program has been retired, but we continue to apply what we learned to other renewable energy projects.
2008
January
- The BOLD Internship program launches, providing opportunities to students historically underrepresented in tech. Combined with our other internships, over the years thousands of students have had the chance have an impact at Google, on projects from engineering to sales.
March
- We complete the acquisition of DoubleClick, a digital marketing company that provides ad management technology for agencies, marketers and publishers.
May
- We host the first Google I/O, our annual developer conference, in San Francisco. I/O has grown since then; in addition to the thousands of developers who join us in person every year, millions of people tune in via live stream to hear the latest news on products.
June
- The first GoogleServe—our global week of service—takes place. Every year, Googlers leave their inboxes behind to participate in projects that give back to the community.
- Google Map Maker launches, enabling people to directly update geographic information in Google Maps and Google Earth—helping ensure that the map accurately reflects the world. Today Map Maker is available in 200+ countries and territories across the globe.
July
- We provide Street View for the entire 2008 Tour de France route—the first launch of Street View imagery in Europe.
- Our first downloadable iPhone app, enabling quicker mobile searching, debuts with the launch of the Apple 3G iPhone.
August
- We launch a site dedicated to the 2008 U.S. elections. In 2012, we take this effort to the next level withGoogle.com/elections, providing news and online tools for elections worldwide.
- Google Suggest (later called Autocomplete) arrives on Google.com, helping formulate queries, reduce spelling errors and reducing keystrokes.
- Street View is available in several cities in Japan and Australia—the first time it's appeared outside of North America or Europe.
September
- T-Mobile announces the G1, the first phone built on the Android operating system.
- Google Chrome becomes available for download, one day after a comic book announcing our new browser leaks onto the web. Five years later, Chrome boasts more than 750 million users.
November
- The updated Google Mobile App for iPhone makes it possible for you to do a Google web search using only your voice.
- After we discover a correlation between certain search queries and CDC data on flu symptoms, we release Google Flu Trends, an indicator of flu activity around the U.S. as much as two weeks earlier than traditional flu surveillance systems.
2009
February
- Our first message on Twitter gets back to binary: I'm 01100110 01100101 01100101 01101100 01101001 01101110 01100111 00100000 01101100 01110101 01100011 01101011 01111001 00001010. (Hint: it's a button on our homepage.)
- We launch Voice Search on Android. Android users can start searching by voice with the touch of a button, making mobile web surfing easy and fast.
March
- We release Google Voice, which improves the way you use your phone, with features like voicemail transcription. In 2013, we announce that Voice will be integrated into Google+ Hangouts.
- We announce Google Ventures, a venture capital fund aimed at using our resources to support innovation and encourage promising new technology companies. In 2013, Google Ventures added its 200th portfolio company.
- We launch a beta test of interest-based advertising on partner sites and on YouTube. This kind of tailored advertising lets us show ads more closely related to users' interests, and it gives advertisers an efficient way to reach those most likely to be interested in their products or services.
April
- Our April Fools' Day prank this year is CADIE, our "Cognitive Autoheuristic Distributed-Intelligence Entity" who spends the day taking over various Google products before self-destructing.
May
- To clear brush and reduce fire hazard in the fields near our Mountain View headquarters, we rent some goats from a local company. They help us trim the grass the low-carbon way.
July
- We (literally) take the beta label off both the enterprise and consumer versions of Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Docs and Google Talk.
- We announce that we're developing Google Chrome OS, an open source, lightweight operating system initially targeted at laptops.
September
- We introduce the DoubleClick Ad Exchange, a real-time marketplace that helps large online publishers on one side; and ad networks and agency networks on the other, buy and sell display advertising space.
- On the birthday of the "father of science fiction," we unveil the truth behind a mysterious series of doodles in tribute to H.G. Wells.
October
- Google Maps Navigation is a turn-by-turn GPS navigation system with 3D views, voice guidance and live traffic data.
November
- We release an international series of doodles for the 40th anniversary of "Sesame Street."
December
- Just in time for the holidays we roll out Mac and Linux versions of Google Chrome, as well as extensions for Chrome in Windows and Linux (all in beta).
2010
January
- We introduce the Nexus One to show what's possible on Android devices. The Nexus line of devices has since grown and now includes tablets as well as phones.
- In response to the Haiti earthquake, engineers build Person Finder to connect loved ones in the wake of disasters. We've since launched Person Finder for other crises—including the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan—and formed Google Crisis Response, a team that responds to global disasters.
- After detecting a sophisticated cyberattack from China, we announce we are no longer willing to continue censoring our services on Google.cn, our local domain. Today, users in mainland China can access search via Google.com.hk.
February
- The first-ever Google Super Bowl ad tells a love story through search terms. This is one of many videos made to celebrate the human side of search.
- We announce a plan to build and test ultra high-speed broadband networks, delivering Internet speeds up to 100 times faster than what most Americans have access to today. More than 1,000 communities submit proposals in response.
March
- Bike directions and bike trail data come to Google Maps. Today, there are more than 330,000 miles (530,000 kilometers) of biking trails and paths in Google Maps to help you get around on your two wheels.
April
- We change our name to Topeka for April Fools' Day—a tribute to Topeka, Kansas, which changed its name to Google as part of an effort to bring Fiber to that city.
- We're the first company to launch a website publishing the number of requests we get from governments to provideinformation about our users or to remove content from Google products. Later in the year, we add visualizations showingdisruptions in visitor traffic to our products, such as a government blocking access or a cable being cut.
May
- As part of our efforts to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy, we make our first direct investment in a utility-scale renewable energy project.
- Google TV is built on Android and Chrome and gives you an easy and fast way to navigate to television channels, websites, apps, shows and movies.
- In celebration of PAC-MAN’s 30th birthday, we release our first-ever playable doodle, complete with all 256 levels and Ms. PAC-MAN.
- We acquire AdMob, a mobile display advertising company.
July
- As part of our long-term goal to power our operations with 100% renewable energy, we announce an agreement to purchasethe clean energy from 114 megawatts of wind generation in Iowa.
- “Life in a Day” is a cinematic experiment to document one day as seen through the eyes of people around the world—created with thousands of submissions from YouTube users.
August
- Priority Inbox helps you handle information overload in Gmail by automatically sorting your email by importance, using a variety of signals.
- “The Wilderness Downtown” is a musical experience created by writer/director Chris Milk with the band Arcade Fire and Google, built with Google Chrome in mind using HTML5 and other technologies.
September
- Google Instant shows you search results as you type so you can quickly get to the information you’re looking for.
- Three years after we first launched Street View in five U.S. cities, you can explore all seven continents at eye level with the addition of Brazil, Ireland and Antarctica imagery.
October
- We announce we've developed technology for cars that can drive themselves; we think self-driving cars can help prevent traffic accidents, free up people’s time and reduce carbon emissions. Our automated cars have since logged more than 500,000 miles on the road.
December
- YouTube introduces TrueView, a new kind of ad—after 5 seconds, if an ad doesn't seem relevant or interesting to you, you can skip it. TrueView is part of our effort to ensure viewers watch ads that are most relevant to them, and advertisers reach the right audience.
2011
February
- The Google Art Project lets you virtually tour some of of the world’s best museums and explore high resolution images of tens of thousands of works of art from 40 countries.
- We introduce an advanced opt-in security feature called 2-step verification to help people keep their Google Accounts secure. 2-step verification is now available in 40 languages and 150+ countries.
March
- The new +1 button lets you publicly give something a “thumbs up,” helping your friends and contacts find the best stuff online.
April
- Larry Page takes over as CEO—10 years after he last held the title. Eric Schmidt becomes executive chairman.
- Charlie Chaplin’s 122nd birthday is the occasion for our first-ever live-action doodle.
May
- Google Wallet makes it convenient to shop in-store, online or on the go, and helps merchants simplify the checkout experience.
- Google Offers kicks off in beta in Portland, Ore.
- We announce the first Chromebooks from partners Samsung and Acer. Chromebooks are designed to be fast, simple, secure and easy to keep updated.
June
- Our playable doodle in honor of guitar inventor Les Paul becomes the most popular Google doodle of all time. in just 48 hours in the U.S., you recorded 5.1 years worth of music—40 million songs—using our doodle guitar. And those songs were played back 870,000 times!
- We install a corporate electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Today it's the largest in the country, with charging at 750+ parking spaces.
- We add speech recognition into search on desktop for Chrome users. Simply click the microphone in the Google search box, and you can speak your search.
- The Google+ project—real-life sharing, rethought for the web—launches.
- All our products start getting a design makeover, beginning with our homepage.
July
- Talented young scientists wow the judges at the inaugural Google Science Fair, an online science competition open to students aged 13-18 from around the world.
- AdWords Express is a faster and simpler way for small businesses to start advertising online in under five minutes.
August
- We bring offline access to Gmail, Calendar and Docs for people using Chrome.
September
- We acquire Zagat to help you find the very best places.
October
- Android 4.0, a.k.a. Ice Cream Sandwich, is designed to work on both phones and tablets, and to make the power of Android enticing and intuitive.
November
- We launch Google+ Pages to connect you with the businesses, organizations and other things you care about. We have afew of our own sharing updates about the company.
- Google Maps now helps you to figure out where you are and get directions when you're inside a building like an airport or mall.
December
- Android Market exceeds 10 billion app downloads—with a growth rate of one billion app downloads per month.
- We open a new office in Paris, a symbol of our commitment to one of Europe’s fastest-growing Internet economies. The new office is also home to the Google Cultural Institute.
2012
January
- We join thousands of other sites to encourage users to stand up against two legislative proposals in the U.S. (SOPA and PIPA) which would have censored the Internet and impeded innovation. The next day, the bills are set aside. More than 7 million Internet users sign the petition hosted at google.com/takeaction.
February
- Chrome launches on Android, so you can take the same simple, fast and secure web browsing experience with you wherever you go, across devices. Three months later we launch Chrome on iOS.
March
- Android Market becomes Google Play, a digital content store offering apps, games, books, movies, music and more.
April
- Project Glass is unveiled.
- Google Drive launches, enabling you to create, share, collaborate and keep your files—including videos, photos, Google Docs and PDFs—all in one place.
- It's our busiest April Fools’ Day ever, launching Google Maps 8-bit for NES, our Canine Staffing Team, NASCAR’s race car of the future (hint: it drives itself) and more.
May
- Hangouts On Air become available worldwide. Many public figures and organizations have hosted Hangouts to connect directly with the public, including U.S. President Barack Obama, NASA, David Beckham, Taylor Swift and U.N. Secretary-General Ban-Ki Moon.
- We introduce the Knowledge Graph in Search, which makes it easier for you to discover information about real-world things—landmarks, celebrities, cities, sports teams, movies, works of art and more. This launch is built on our acquisition in 2010 of Metaweb.
- We acquire Motorola Mobility.
- Our doodle in honor of Dr. Robert Moog, the inventor of the electronic analog Synthesizer, is an interactive, playable logo that allows you to record, play back and share songs.
- We expand our Transparency Report with a new section on copyright, providing information on the number of requests we get from copyright owners to remove Google Search results because they allegedly link to infringing content.
- We transition Google Product Search to Google Shopping to help people research products and connect directly with merchants to make purchases.
June
- We unveil DoubleClick Digital Marketing, our new platform that enables seamless ad campaign management for agencies and advertisers.
- We announce Google Now, which brings you the information you need, before you even ask, like what today’s weather will be like, how much traffic to expect on your way to work or your favorite team's score while they’re playing.
- We release the first Nexus 7—a powerful 7" tablet designed to bring Google Play content to life and bring you the best of Google in the palm of your hand. Later in the year, the Nexus family expands to include a 10" tablet and the Nexus 4 phone.
- Trekker is a way to capture Street View imagery of beautiful places that are only accessible by foot (like the Grand Canyon or the Galapagos).
July
- The world sees the Olympics live on YouTube for the first time. Viewers watched a total of 230 million video streams, and our partnership with NBC makes it the most live-streamed Olympics to date.
October
- We provide an unprecedented look inside our data centers.
- The Samsung Chromebook becomes available for just $249.
- Google Crisis Response launches Public Alerts—warnings for natural disasters and emergency situations—the same day we publish resources to respond to Superstorm Sandy.
November
- We begin installing Google Fiber—ultra-high speed Internet access that is up to 100 times faster than today’s average broadband—for our first customers in Kansas City, Kansas and Kansas City Missouri. The next year, we announce Fiber in Austin, Texas and Provo, Utah.
December
- Lady Ada Lovelace, mathematician and writer known to many people as the world’s first computer programmer, gets adoodle.
- Google Maps for the iPhone is now available.
- Psy’s Gangnam Style becomes the most-watched video of all time—the first and only YouTube video to reach 1 billion views.
- We launch the Global Impact Awards to support entrepreneurial nonprofits using technology to tackle tough human challenges. We later launch country-specific Global Impact Challenges, starting first in the United Kingdom and then in India.
- YouTube Space LA is a new facility run by the Next Lab and designed to help creators access the tools and the guidance they need to become even more successful on the platform. We later open Spaces in London and Tokyo.
2013
January
- We commit to invest $200 million in a wind farm in west Texas. This brings our total clean energy commitments to more than $1 billion, which can generate over 2 GW—enough to power all the public elementary schools in New York, Wyoming and Oregon for a year.
February
- We introduce enhanced campaigns, which updates AdWords for the multi-screen world.
- In 50 words, tomorrow’s Glass Explorers tell us what they would do if they had Glass. The first Explorers get Glass later in the year.
- Our newest laptop—the Chromebook Pixel—is designed from the ground up for power users who have embraced the cloud.
April
- Get just the information you need right when you need it with the release of Google Now for iPhone and iPad.
- Plan your digital afterlife with Inactive Account Manager, which enables you to tell us what to do with your data from Google services if your account becomes inactive for any reason.
May
- A video doodle for graphic designer and filmmaker Saul Bass celebrates his classic film credits and posters.
- We release imagery of the Earth taken from space over a quarter-century, providing a stunning historical perspective on the changes to the Earth’s surface over time.
- Google Play Music All Access, a new monthly music subscription service, lets you listen to millions of songs across your devices.
- We introduce a new Google+ Photos experience that helps your photos look their best, as well as Hangouts, which will be Google’s single communications system, replacing Google Talk, Google+ Hangouts and Messenger.
- Gmail gets a brand new inbox that helps you see what’s new at a glance and decide which emails you want to read when.
June
- We unveil our latest Google[x] project: balloon-powered Internet access. We hope Project Loon can become an option for connecting rural, remote and underserved areas, and for crisis response communications.
- We acquire Waze to help you outsmart traffic.
- Funded by Google, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory investigates the energy impact of cloud computing. Theirresearch indicates that moving all office workers in the United States to the cloud could reduce the energy used by information technology by up to 87 percent.
July
- Just months after we preview the new Maps for desktop at Google I/O, we release the updated Google Maps app for smartphones and tablets—part of our redesign of Maps across devices.
- Chromecast is a small and affordable device that makes it easy to use your phone, tablet or laptop to bring your favorite online entertainment to your TV screen.
- We team up with Starbucks to bring faster, free WiFi connections to all 7,000 company-operated Starbucks stores in the U.S.
September
- Android passes 1 billion device activations—reflecting the work of the entire Android ecosystem and thanks to the enthusiasm of users all around the world.
- We announce Calico, a new company that will focus on health and well-being, with Arthur D. Levinson as CEO.
- Thanks Google.
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